tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35833766505662555462024-03-13T00:08:29.862-07:00spot me!lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-49682363317329420162008-09-07T16:50:00.000-07:002008-09-07T16:53:29.167-07:00CSC As i See it 009How to generate data in the tables using the following database<br />Oracle<br />Firebird<br />SQLite<br />FileMaker<br />1. Firebird<br />Start database then click Create Database Wizard.<br />To run the Create Database Wizard, select the Database Create New Database... main menu item or click the Create New Database button on the main toolbar.<br />The first wizard step allows you to set a name of the new database.<br />Database Editor allows you to browse all the database objects and its main properties. There is possible to create, edit and drop database sub-items.<br />2. Oracle<br />Start Oracle Database Maestro. Select the Create Database Profiles main menu item to create profiles for the existing databases.<br />After you have created the required database profiles Create Database Profile Wizard they appear in the explorer tree on the left. Now you can establish connection to the database. If connection succeeds, the database node expands displaying the tree of its objects.<br />New tables are created within Create Table Wizard. In order to run the wizard you should either<br />•<br />select the Object Create Database Object... main menu item;<br />•<br />select the Table icon in the Create Database Object dialog<br />3. FileMaker<br />Start the software.<br />You select from a palette of files, fields, and graphic tools to create a structure.<br />The first step in designing a database is choosing what information you want to store in a database.<br />The second step is to create fields in your file. This requires deciding what types of fields you want. For example, fields can store text, numbers, pictures, or other kinds of data.<br />The third step is to create layouts. Layouts are computer screens that present information to you. Usually a database provides graphic tools that can enhance the appearance of the layout. For example, you can add boxes, lines, and fill patterns by using the tool palette.<br />4. SQLite<br />Start the Database.<br />Just click the Create New Database button from the main menu item. This will lead you to the Wizard.<br />Once you have accomplish filling up some informations in the wizard window,you have now your database.<br />in making tables, you must first connect to a database.<br />Once you have connected, just right-click the database item in the explorer tree. Then, click "Create New Table".lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-83468615256753999242008-08-11T04:29:00.000-07:002008-08-11T04:38:06.446-07:00CSC as i see it 008<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a> first proposed the process of normalization and what came to be known as the <b>1st normal form</b>:</p> <blockquote style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="templatequote"> <div> <p>There is, in fact, a very simple elimination<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup> procedure which we shall call normalization. Through decomposition non-simple domains are replaced by "<i>domains whose elements are atomic (non-decomposable) values.</i>"</p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">—<cite>Edgar F. Codd, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></cite></div> </blockquote> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In his paper, Edgar F. Codd used the term "non-simple" domains to describe a heterogeneous data structure, but later researchers would refer to such a structure as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">abstract data type</a>.</p><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (</span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> – </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">) was a </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer scientist</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> who, while working for </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">IBM</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, invented the </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> for database management, the theoretical basis for </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. He made other valuable contributions to </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, but the relational model, a very influential general theory of data management, remains his most memorable achievement.</span><br /><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Edgar Frank Codd was born on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Isle of Portland</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. After attending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Grammar_School" title="Poole Grammar School">Poole Grammar School</a>, he studied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College%2C_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>, before serving as a pilot in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. In 1948, he moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> to work for IBM as a mathematical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a>. In 1953, angered by Senator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, Codd moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. A decade later he returned to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> and received his doctorate in computer science from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>. Two years later he moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose%2C_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> to work at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaden_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaden Research Center">Almaden Research Center</a>, where he continued to work until the 1980s. During the 1990s, his health deteriorated and he ceased work. <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Codd received the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> in 1981 and in 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd#cite_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup>.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Codd died of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> at his home in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williams_Island%2C_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Island, Florida (page does not exist)">Williams Island, Florida</a> at the age of 79 on Friday, April 18, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd#cite_note-IBM-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In the 1960s and 1970s he worked out his theories of data arrangement, issuing his paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" in 1970, after an internal IBM paper one year earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd#cite_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup> To his disappointment, IBM proved slow to exploit his suggestions until commercial rivals started implementing them.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Initially, IBM refused to implement the relational model in order to preserve revenue from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS/DB" class="mw-redirect" title="IMS/DB">IMS/DB</a>. Codd then showed IBM customers the potential of the implementation of its model, and they in turn pressured IBM. Then IBM included in its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Future_Systems_project" title="IBM Future Systems project">Future Systems</a> project a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_R" class="mw-redirect" title="System R">System R</a> subproject — but put in charge of it developers who were not thoroughly familiar with Codd's ideas, and isolated the team from Codd. As a result, they did not use Codd's own <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_%28language%29" title="Alpha (language)">Alpha</a> language but created a non-relational one, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a>. Even so, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a> was so superior to pre-relational systems that it was copied, based on pre-launch papers presented at conferences, by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a> in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a>, which actually reached market before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL/DS" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/DS">SQL/DS</a> — due to the then-already proprietary status of the original moniker, SEQUEL had been renamed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Codd continued to develop and extend his relational model, sometimes in collaboration with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_J._Date" title="Christopher J. Date">Chris Date</a>. One of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">normalized forms</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyce-Codd_Normal_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyce-Codd Normal Form">Boyce-Codd Normal Form</a>, is named after him.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">As the relational model started to become fashionable in the early 1980s, Codd fought a sometimes bitter campaign to prevent the term being misused by database vendors who had merely added a relational veneer to older technology. As part of this campaign, he published his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">12 rules</a> to define what constituted a relational database. His campaign extended to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> language, which he regarded as an incorrect implementation of the theory. This made his position in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> increasingly difficult, so he left to form his own consulting company with Chris Date and others.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Edgar Codd coined the term <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="OLAP">OLAP</a></i> and wrote the twelve laws of online analytical processing, although these were never truly accepted after it came out that his white paper on the subject was paid for by a software vendor. His last work, a book named <i>The Relational Model for Database Management, version 2</i>, was not so well received<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>. On the other hand, his extension of the ideas in the relational model to cover database design issues, in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_Model/Tasmania" title="Relational Model/Tasmania">RM/T</a>, have proved important<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> . Codd also contributed knowledge in the area of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular automata">cellular automata</a>.</p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In 2004, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGMOD" title="SIGMOD">SIGMOD</a> renamed its highest prize, SIGMOD Innovations Award, in his honor.</p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></p>lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-84343666555758134512008-07-17T23:35:00.000-07:002008-07-17T23:47:18.244-07:00csc as i see it 007<strong><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;">File</span></strong><br /><span style="color:#000000;">A computer file is a block of </span><a title="Arbitrary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary"><span style="color:#000000;">arbitrary</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> </span><a title="Information" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"><span style="color:#000000;">information</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, or </span><a title="Resource (computer science)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_%28computer_science%29"><span style="color:#000000;">resource</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> for storing information, which is available to a </span><a title="Computer program" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"><span style="color:#000000;">computer program</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> and is usually based on some kind of durable </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage"><span style="color:#000000;">storage</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. A file is durable in the sense that it remains available for programs to use after the current program has finished. </span><a title="Computer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"><span style="color:#000000;">Computer</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> files can be considered as the modern counterpart of paper </span><a title="Document" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document"><span style="color:#000000;">documents</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> which traditionally were kept in offices' and libraries' </span><a title="Filing cabinet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filing_cabinet"><span style="color:#000000;">files</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, which are the source of the term.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">DataField</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br />Datafields - a string containing all field and subfield data in the record.<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Record</span></strong><br />In <a title="Computer science" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"><span style="color:#000000;">computer science</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">, a record type is a type whose values are records, i.e. aggregates of several items of possibly different types. The items being aggregated are called fields (or members) and are usually identified or indexed by field labels, names identifying the fields.<br />Record types are mathematically equivalent to </span><a title="Product type" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_type"><span style="color:#000000;">product types</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> but they usually behave differently with respect to </span><a title="Type system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system"><span style="color:#000000;">typing</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">: in most if not all typed programming languages, record types are bound to names and two record types are equal for the type system if and only if they have the name. This contrasts with product types where the equality is the equality of each of the type components individually.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Folder</span></strong><br />A file folder (US usage) or folder (British and Australian usage) is a kind of <a title="Folder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folder">folder</a> that holds loose <a title="Paper" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"><span style="color:#000000;">papers</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> together for organization and protection. File folders usually consist of a sheet of heavy paper stock or other thin, but stiff, material which is folded in half, and are used to keep paper </span><a title="Document" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document"><span style="color:#000000;">documents</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. They are often used in conjunction with a </span><a title="Filing cabinet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filing_cabinet"><span style="color:#000000;">filing cabinet</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> for storage. File folders can easily be purchased at office supply stores. In the UK, one of the oldest and best known filing companies is Railex. File folders are usually labeled based on what's inside them. Folders can be labeled directly on the tab with a pen or pencil. Others write on adhesive labels that are placed on the tabs. There are also electronic labelmakers that can be used to make the labels.</span><br /><span style="color:#000000;"></span><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;color:#000000;">Database</span></strong><br /><span style="color:#000000;">A database is a </span><a title="Structure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure"><span style="color:#000000;">structured</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> collection of records or </span><a title="Data" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"><span style="color:#000000;">data</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. A </span><a title="Computer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"><span style="color:#000000;">computer</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> database relies upon </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Software" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"><span style="color:#000000;">software</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> to organize the storage of data. The software models the database structure in what are known as </span><a class="mw-redirect" title="Database model" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model"><span style="color:#000000;">database models</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. The model in most common use today is the </span><a title="Relational model" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model"><span style="color:#000000;">relational model</span></a><span style="color:#000000;">. Other models such as the </span><a title="Hierarchical model" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_model"><span style="color:#000000;">hierarchical model</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> and the </span><a title="Network model" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_model"><span style="color:#000000;">network model</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> use a more explicit representation of relationships (see below for explanation of the various database models).</span>lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-74338385754535329332008-07-16T04:05:00.000-07:002008-07-16T04:06:55.484-07:00CSC As I See It 006Flat models<br />consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data elements, where all members of a given column are assumed to be similar values, and all members of a row are assumed to be related to one another. For instance, columns for name and password that might be used as a part of a system security database. Each row would have the specific password associated with an individual user. Columns of the table often have a type associated with them, defining them as character data, date or time information, integers, or floating point numbers. And Hierarchical model is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single upward link in each record to describe the nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order in each same-level list.<br />Hierarchical structures<br />were widely used in the early mainframe database management systems, such as the Information Management System (IMS) by IBM, and now describe the structure of XML documents. This structure is very efficient to describe many relationships in the real world; recipes, table of contents, ordering of paragraphs/verses, any nested and sorted information.The hierarchical structure is inefficient for certain database operations when a full path (as opposed to upward link and sort field) is not also included for each record.<br />Network model<br /> organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records and sets. Records contain fields (which may be organized hierarchically, as in the programming language COBOL). Sets (not to be confused with mathematical sets) define one-to-many relationships between records: one owner, many members. A record may be an owner in any number of sets, and a member in any number of sets.The network model is able to represent redundancy in data more efficiently than is the hierarchical model.The operations of the network model are navigational in style: a program maintains a current position, and navigates from one record to another by following the relationships in which the record participates.<br />Relational model<br />is a way to make database management systems more independent of any particular application. It is a mathematical model defined in terms of predicate logic and set theory.The basic data structure of the relational model is the table, where information about a particular entity (say, an employee) is represented in columns and rows (also called tuples). Thus, the "relation" in "relational database" refers to the various tables in the database; a relation is a set of tuples. The columns enumerate the various attributes of the entity (the employee's name, address or phone number, for example), and a row is an actual instance of the entity (a specific employee) that is represented by the relation.One of the strengths of the relational model is that, in principle, any value occurring in two different records (belonging to the same table or to different tables), implies a relationship among those two records.<br />Dimensional model<br /> is a specialized adaptation of the relational model used to represent data in data warehouses in a way that data can be easily summarized using OLAP queries. In the dimensional model, a database consists of a single large table of facts that are described using dimensions and measures. A dimension provides the context of a fact (such as who participated, when and where it happened, and its type) and is used in queries to group related facts together. A measure is a quantity describing the fact, such as revenue. is often implemented on top of the relational model using a star schema, consisting of one table containing the facts and surrounding tables containing the dimensions. Particularly complicated dimensions might be represented using multiple tables, resulting in a snowflake schema.<br />Object database models<br />These databases attempt to bring the database world and the application programming world closer together, in particular by ensuring that the database uses the same type system as the application program. This aims to avoid the overhead (sometimes referred to as the impedance mismatch) of converting information between its representation in the database (for example as rows in tables) and its representation in the application program (typically as objects). At the same time, object databases attempt to introduce the key ideas of object programming, such as encapsulation and polymorphismm, into the world of databases.A variety of these ways have been tried for storing objects in a database. Some products have approached the problem from the application programming end, by making the objects manipulated by the program persistent. This also typically requires the addition of some kind of query language, since conventional programming languages do not have the ability to find objects based on their information content. Others have attacked the problem from the database end, by defining an object-oriented data model for the database, and defining a database programming language that allows full programming capabilities as well as traditional query facilities.lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-59352020486855069882008-07-03T20:19:00.000-07:002008-07-05T15:10:04.068-07:00CSC as i see it 005<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10 DBMS software</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Additional types of software applications have been used in the past and may be still in use on older, legacy systems at various organizations around the world. However, these examples provide an overview of the most popular and most-widely used by IT departments. Some typical examples of DBMS include: <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Oracle" title="Oracle"><span style="color: windowtext;">Oracle</span></a>, <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/DB2" title="DB2"><span style="color: windowtext;">DB2</span></a>, <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft Access</span></a>, <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft SQL Server</span></a>, <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">PostgreSQL</span></a>, <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/MySQL" title="MySQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">MySQL</span></a>, and <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php?title=FileMaker&action=edit" title="FileMaker"><span style="color: windowtext;">FileMaker</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">1. <b>Oracle Corporation</b> was started in <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">California</st1:place></st1:State> in 1977 by three gentlemen, <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison"><span style="color: windowtext;">Larry Ellison</span></a>, Bob Miner and Ed Oates. The initial name of the company was Software Development Labs. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Oracle first began developing and selling its database software, however, since 1987 Oracle has expanded into project management software, CRM software, ERP software, business intelligence software and other software applications. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Oracle Corporation is still headquartered in <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Redwood City</st1:City>, <st1:state st="on">California</st1:State></st1:place>; Larry Ellison is currently the CEO. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">2. <b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:.75pt;"><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" border="0" height="1" width="1" /><!--[endif]--><a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/IBM" title="IBM"><span style="color: windowtext;">IBM</span></a></b> first announced their DB2 relational database management system in June, 1983. However, it actually did not go generally available until until almost 2 years later, in April, 1985. DB2 was actually known as Database 2 when initially released. Since its introduction it has been called simply DB2, DB2 for MVS/ESA, DB2 for OS/390, DB2 UDB for OS/390, DB2 UDB for z/OS, and currently DB2 9 for z/OS.<br /><br />DB2 is regarded as a heavy-duty big-iron high-resilience program. In 1987 a version was made available for IBM’s OS/2 operating system. This was followed by AIX edition in 1993, HP-UX and Solaris flavor in 1994, Windows in 1995, and finally on Linux in 1999. Today DB2 is available on everything from IBM’s largest mainframes to some of the smallest hand held devices. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">3. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">Microsoft Access</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> is a database management system produced by Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Access is part of the Microsoft office suite. The latest version is Microsoft Access 2007 and is shipped with <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft Office</span></a> Professional or can be obtained as a single application. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Microsoft Access allows you to create <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php?title=JetSQL&action=edit" title="JetSQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">JetSQL</span></a> databases as well as embed forms and reports into them. In addition you can link to tables from other <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php?title=ODBC&action=edit" title="ODBC"><span style="color: windowtext;">ODBC</span></a> compliant data sources. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="History"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">History</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Microsoft Access appeared in 1993 to provide the first MS Windows database, linked to the other Microsoft Office products, which then formed part of Office 4.2. Prior to Access, there had been a number of Windows databases, Superbase being one of the main ones. Version 1.1 of MS Access was rudimentary but was a great competitor to Superbase and DB2, which were the only other robust databases around. The difference with MS Access was that it formed part of the MS Office Suite and was therefore able to be used directly with the other components, even though linking and embedding was fairly rudimentary then. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Microsoft released a version of MS Access to coincide with each release of MS Windows, more or less. The major releases were MS Access 2.0, MS Access 97, MS Access 2000, MS Access 2003 and, just recently MS Access 2007, to coincide with the new MS Windows Vista.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">4. <b>SQL Server</b> is a <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/DBMS" title="DBMS"><span style="color: windowtext;">DBMS</span></a> created by <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft</span></a> in 1989. It utilizes a type of <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/SQL" title="SQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL</span></a> called T-SQL. It has become a popular DBMS and competes against <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Oracle" title="Oracle"><span style="color: windowtext;">Oracle</span></a> and IBM <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/DB2" title="DB2"><span style="color: windowtext;">DB2</span></a>, in the database market. It was originally created by a company by the name of <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Sybase" title="Sybase"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sybase</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">The latest version of the SQL Server is "<a href="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005.htm" title="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL Server 2005</span></a>", which is offered in 5 major editions (Express, Developer, Workgroup, Standard, and <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Enterprise</st1:place></st1:City>). The Express Edition is a scaled down version that is offered for free by Microsoft. While <a href="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-workgroup-developer.htm" title="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-workgroup-developer.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL Server 2005 Developer Edition</span></a> offers full functionality at a reasonable price, it is not allowed to be used in a product environment. For a product environment it is best to use either <a href="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-standard-edition.htm" title="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-standard-edition.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL Server 2005 Standard</span></a>, <a href="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-workgroup-developer.htm" title="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-workgroup-developer.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL Server 2005 Workgroup</span></a> or <a href="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-enterprise-edition.htm" title="http://www.wasatchsoftware.com/microsoft/business/sql-server-2005-enterprise-edition.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL Server 2005 Enterprise</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Early Years</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1988, Microsoft released its first version of SQL Server. It was designed for the OS/2 platform and was developed jointly by Microsoft and Sybase along with Ashton-Tate. The first SQL Server version named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 with the final release around 1989. This original version was essentially the same as Sybase SQL Server 3.0 on <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/UNIX" title="UNIX"><span style="color: windowtext;">UNIX</span></a>, and <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/VMS" title="VMS"><span style="color: windowtext;">VMS</span></a>, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">During the early 1990s, Microsoft began to develop a new version of SQL Server for the NT platform. While it was under development, Microsoft decided that SQL Server should be tightly coupled with the NT operating system. In 1992, Microsoft assumed core responsibility for the future of SQL Server for NT. In 1993, Windows NT 3.1 and SQL Server 4.2 for NT were released. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Microsoft's philosophy of combining a high-performance database with an easy-to-use interface proved to be very successful. Microsoft quickly became the second most popular vendor of high-end relational database software. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sybase/Microsoft <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Split</st1:place></st1:City></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1994, Microsoft and Sybase formally ended their partnership. Sybase and Microsoft then parted ways and pursued their own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft kept exclusive rights to SQL Server and Sybase changed the name of its product to Adaptive Server Enterprise. In 1994 Microsoft's SQL Server dropped its Sybase copyright notices. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1995, Microsoft released version 6.0 of SQL Server. This release was a major rewrite of SQL Server's core technology. Version 6.0 substantially improved performance, provided built-in replication, and delivered centralized administration. In 1996, Microsoft released version 6.5 of SQL Server. This version brought significant enhancements to the existing technology and provided several new features. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Full DBMS</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1997, Microsoft released version 6.5 <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Enterprise</st1:place></st1:City> Edition. In 1998, Microsoft released version 7.0 of SQL Server, which was a complete rewrite of the database engine and also the first true GUI-based database server. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 2000, Microsoft released SQL Server 2000. SQL Server version 2000 is Microsoft's most significant release of SQL Server to date. This version further builds upon the SQL Server 7.0 framework. The current version, Microsoft SQL Server 2005, was released in November of 2005. The launch took place alongside Visual Studio 2005 and BizTalk Server 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<b>. PostgreSQL</b> is an open source object relational database management system (RDBMS). It was and is continued to be created by developers and is not owned by any one company. PostgreSQL, or Postgres, is a powerful <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/BSD" title="BSD"><span style="color: windowtext;">BSD</span></a> licensed database. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/" title="http://www.postgresql.org/"><span style="color: windowtext;">PostgreSQL WebQuarters</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/" title="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/"><span style="color: windowtext;">PostgreSQL Documentation</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/about/advantages" title="http://www.postgresql.org/about/advantages"><span style="color: windowtext;">PostgreSQL advantages</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">PostgreSQL originated as a database <a href="http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/postgres.html" title="http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/postgres.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">research project</span></a> at The University of California Berkeley. After the research project completed in 1994, the code was cleaned up and released as Postgres95. A community began to build around the code, a global development team was formed and the PostgreSQL Project was born. The Project celebrated its <a href="http://conference.postgresql.org/" title="http://conference.postgresql.org/"><span style="color: windowtext;">10th Anniversary</span></a> in 1996. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">PostgreSQL has matured into an enterprise-grade RDBMS with features that compete with commercial offerings. Some notable features are: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">ANSI SQL 89, 92 and 99 syntax <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">100% ACID compliant transactions <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Support for joins, views, aggregations, and referential integrity <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">support for stored procedures and triggers written in C, SQL, PL/pgSQL, TCL, Perl, Python and Ruby <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">automatic locale support <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">choice of clients: psql at the command line, pgadmin3 from a GUI, and <a href="http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/?page=faq" title="http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/?page=faq"><span style="color: windowtext;">phpPgAdmin</span></a> from a browser <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Much supporting software has been written and can be found at <a href="http://pgfoundry.org/" title="http://pgfoundry.org/"><span style="color: windowtext;">PgFoundry</span></a>. Popular software includes: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/slony1/" title="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/slony1/"><span style="color: windowtext;">Slony-I</span></a> for replication and failover <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/" title="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/"><span style="color: windowtext;">PGCluster</span></a> for synchronous replication <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgpool/" title="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgpool/"><span style="color: windowtext;">pgpool</span></a> for connection pooling <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">The PostgreSQL database runs on most Unix/Linux/BSD variants as well as on the Microsoft platform.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">6. <b>MySQL </b>is an open source database system which is distributed under the GPL, LGPL and commercial licenses. It is part of the <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/LAMP" title="LAMP"><span style="color: windowtext;">LAMP</span></a> stack of technologies, as well as the lesser known WAMP stack [ Windows, Apache, MySQL, PHP ], and is the database server of choice for many open source web applications. MySQL is a relational database management system (RDMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL) to store data in tables. MySQL is an extremely fast, extremely robust, extremely popular and easily customizable open source database. A database is just what the name implies, a base for data. MySQL uses a relational database scheme to provide a stable and fast data access and query model. MySQL is well suited to, but not limited to web use with a language such as <a href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/PHP" title="PHP"><span style="color: windowtext;">PHP</span></a>. SQL is short for "Structured Query Language" commonly used to communicate with data in databases as defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">The more recent version of MySQL have had database replication capabilities included, making MySQL a viable option for Enterprise use, directly comparable to Oracle, Postgresql, Sybase, MSSQL .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">The <a href="http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/gui-tools/5.0.html" title="http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/gui-tools/5.0.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">MySQL GUI Tools</span></a> are Graphical User Interfaces suited to MySQL database administration. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">7. <b>FileMaker Pro</b> is a cross-platform <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database"><span style="color: windowtext;">database</span></a> application from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileMaker_Inc." title="FileMaker Inc."><span style="color: windowtext;">FileMaker Inc.</span></a> (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary"><span style="color: windowtext;">subsidiary</span></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc."><span style="color: windowtext;">Apple Inc.</span></a>), known for its combination of power and ease of use. It is also noted for the integration of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_engine" title="Database engine"><span style="color: windowtext;">database engine</span></a> with its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI" title="GUI"><span style="color: windowtext;">GUI</span></a>-based interface, which allows users to modify the database by dragging new elements into the layouts/screens/forms that provide the user interface. This results in a "quasi-object" development environment of a kind that is still largely unique in the "industrial strength" database world.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">FileMaker was one of a handful of database applications released for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" title="Apple Macintosh"><span style="color: windowtext;">Apple Macintosh</span></a> in the 1980s.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">FileMaker has compatible versions for both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X"><span style="color: windowtext;">Mac OS X</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft Windows</span></a> operating systems and can be networked simultaneously to a mixed Windows and Mac OS X user base. FileMaker is also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable" title="Scalable"><span style="color: windowtext;">scalable</span></a>, being offered in desktop, server, web-delivery and mobile configurations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.<b> Firebird</b> (sometimes erroneously called FirebirdSQL) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" title="Relational database management system"><span style="color: windowtext;">relational database management system</span></a> offering many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute"><span style="color: windowtext;">ANSI</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL:2003</span></a> features. It runs on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux"><span style="color: windowtext;">Linux</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows"><span style="color: windowtext;">Windows</span></a>, and a variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix"><span style="color: windowtext;">Unix</span></a> platforms. Started as a fork of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland" title="Borland"><span style="color: windowtext;">Borland's</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source"><span style="color: windowtext;">open source</span></a> release of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterBase" title="InterBase"><span style="color: windowtext;">InterBase</span></a>, the Firebird codebase is maintained by the Firebird Project at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge"><span style="color: windowtext;">SourceForge</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">New code modules added to Firebird are licensed under the <a href="http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=idpl" title="http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=idpl"><span style="color: windowtext;">Initial Developer's Public License</span></a> (IDPL). The original code released by Inprise (as Borland was then called) is licensed under the <a href="http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=ipl" title="http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=ipl"><span style="color: windowtext;">InterBase Public License 1.0</span></a>. Both licenses are modified versions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext;">Mozilla Public L</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Firebird 1.0 was essentially a bug-fixed version of the InterBase 6.0 open source edition with some minor new features. Development on the <span style=""><u>Firebird 2 codebase</u></span> began with the porting of the <span style=""><u>Firebird 1.0 C code</u></span> to C++, together with a major code-cleaning undertaking. Firebird 1.5 was the first release of the Firebird 2 codebase and as such a significant milestone for the developers and the whole project.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Firebird 2.0 was released in 2006. The latest stable version is 2.0.4 which was released in April 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></li></ul> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Firebird 2.1 was released on 18 April 2008. <span style=""><u>[1]</u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></li></ul> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Firebird 2.5 is under heavy development. Alpha is expected in First Quarter of 2008 and Final by last Quarter of 2008. please see the roadmap for 2008<span style=""><u>[2]</u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></li></ul> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Firebird 3.0 will merge code from several codebases, including Firebird 2.1, Vulcan, and Fyracle. The schedule at <span style=""><u>[3]</u></span> indicates an Alpha version for release in Q4 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Around the 20th birthday of the InterBase/Firebird product line, original creator Jim Starkey recollected:<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">"<span style=""><u>September 4</u></span>, <span style=""><u>2004</u></span> is the 20th anniversary of what is now Firebird. I quit my job at <span style=""><u>DEC</u></span> in August, took a three day end-of-summer holiday, and began work on <span style=""><u>September 4</u></span>, <span style=""><u>1984</u></span> in my new career as a software entrepreneur. As best as I can reconstruct, the first two files were cpre.c and cpre.h (C preprocessor), later changed to <span style=""><u>gpre.c</u></span> and <span style=""><u>gpre.h</u></span>. The files were created on a loaner <span style=""><u>DEC Pro/350</u></span>, a <span style=""><u>PDP-11</u></span> personal computer that went exactly nowhere, running <span style=""><u>XENIX</u></span>. Gpre was my first C program, XENIX was my first experience with <span style=""><u>Unix</u></span>, and the Pro/350 was my very last (but not lamented) experience with PDP-11s."<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">More information on Firebird's history can be found on the <span style=""><u>InterBase/Firebird History pages</u></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p> <p><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: Arial; color: windowtext;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License"><span style="color: windowtext;">icense</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1.1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.<b> Ingres</b> (pronounced /iŋ-grεs'/) is a commercially supported, open-source <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" title="Relational database management system"><span style="color: windowtext;">relational database management system</span></a>. Ingres was first created as a research project at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley"><span style="color: windowtext;">University of California, Berkeley</span></a> starting in the early 1970s and ending in the early 1980s. The original code, like that from other projects at <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Berkeley</st1:place></st1:City>, was available at minimal cost under a version of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_license" title="BSD license"><span style="color: windowtext;">BSD license</span></a>. Since the mid-1980s, Ingres has spawned a number of commercial database applications, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybase" title="Sybase"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sybase</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft SQL Server</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NonStop_SQL" title="NonStop SQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">NonStop SQL</span></a> and a number of others. Postgres (<b>Post</b> In<b>gres</b>), a project which started in the mid-1980s, later evolved into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">PostgreSQL</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ingres</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1973 when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_R" title="System R"><span style="color: windowtext;">System R</span></a> project was getting started at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machines" title="International Business Machines"><span style="color: windowtext;">IBM</span></a>, the research team released a series of papers describing the system they were building. Two scientists at Berkeley, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker"><span style="color: windowtext;">Michael Stonebraker</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Wong&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eugene Wong (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Eugene Wong</span></a>, became interested in the concept after reading the papers, and decided to start a relational database research project of their own.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">They had already raised money for researching a geographic database system for <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Berkeley</st1:place></st1:City>'s economics group, which they called <b>Ingres</b>, for <b>IN</b>teractive <b>G</b>raphics <b>RE</b>trieval <b>S</b>ystem. They decided to use this money to fund their relational project instead, and used this as a seed for a new and much larger project. For further funding Stonebraker approached the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA"><span style="color: windowtext;">DARPA</span></a>, the obvious funding source for computing research and development at the time, but both the DARPA and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research"><span style="color: windowtext;">Office of Naval Research</span></a> (ONR) turned them down as they were already funding database research elsewhere. Stonebraker then introduced his idea to other agencies, and, with help from his colleagues he eventually obtained modest support from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation"><span style="color: windowtext;">NSF</span></a> and three military agencies: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Office_of_Scientific_Research" title="Air Force Office of Scientific Research"><span style="color: windowtext;">Air Force Office of Scientific Research</span></a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Research_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Army Research Office (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Army Research Office</span></a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy_Electronic_Systems_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Navy Electronic Systems Command (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Navy Electronic Systems Command</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Thus funded, Ingres was developed during the mid-1970s by a rotating team of students and staff. Ingres went through an evolution similar to that of System R, with an early prototype in 1974 followed by major revisions to make the code maintainable. Ingres was then disseminated to a small user community, and project members rewrote the prototype repeatedly to incorporate accumulated experience, feedback from users, and new ideas. Ingres remained largely similar to IBM's System R in concept, but based on "low end" systems, namely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix"><span style="color: windowtext;">Unix</span></a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation"><span style="color: windowtext;">DEC</span></a> machines.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.<b> Informix</b> is a family of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" title="Relational database management system"><span style="color: windowtext;">relational database management system</span></a> (RDBMS) products by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM"><span style="color: windowtext;">IBM</span></a>. It is positioned as IBM's flagship data server for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing"><span style="color: windowtext;">online transaction processing</span></a> (OLTP) as well as integrated solutions. IBM acquired the Informix technology in 2001 from Informix Software.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">1980: Early history</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Roger Sippl and Laura King worked at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromemco" title="Cromemco"><span style="color: windowtext;">Cromemco</span></a>, an early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus"><span style="color: windowtext;">S-100</span></a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M"><span style="color: windowtext;">CP/M</span></a> company, where they developed a small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database"><span style="color: windowtext;">relational database</span></a> based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISAM" title="ISAM"><span style="color: windowtext;">ISAM</span></a> techniques, as a part of a report-writer software package.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sippl and King left Cromemco to found <b>Relational Database Systems</b> (RDS) in 1980. Their first product, <i>Marathon</i>, was essentially a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit" title="16-bit"><span style="color: windowtext;">16-bit</span></a> version of their earlier ISAM work, released on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onyx_operating_system&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Onyx operating system (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Onyx operating system</span></a>, a version of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix"><span style="color: windowtext;">Unix</span></a> for early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZiLOG" title="ZiLOG"><span style="color: windowtext;">ZiLOG</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor"><span style="color: windowtext;">microprocessors</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">At RDS, they turned their attention to the emerging <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDBMS" title="RDBMS"><span style="color: windowtext;">RDBMS</span></a> market and released their own product as <b>Informix</b> (INFORMation on unIX) in 1981. It included their own <b>Informer</b> language. It featured the ACE report writer, used to extract data from the database and present it to users for easy reading. It also featured the <b>PERFORM</b> screen form tool, which allowed a user to interactively query and edit the data in the database. The final release of this product was version 3.30 in early 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985" title="1985"><span style="color: windowtext;">1985</span></a>, they introduced a new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">SQL</span></a>-based query engine as part of <b>INFORMIX-SQL</b> (or ISQL) version 1.10 (version 1.00 was never released). This product also included SQL variants of ACE and PERFORM. The most significant difference between ISQL and the previous Informix product was the separation of the database access code into an engine process (sqlexec), rather than embedding it directly in the client — thus setting the stage for client-server computing with the database running on a separate machine from the user's machine. The underlying ISAM-based file storage engine was known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Informix_C-ISAM" title="IBM Informix C-ISAM"><span style="color: windowtext;">C-ISAM</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Through the early 1980s Informix remained a small player, but as Unix and SQL grew in popularity during the mid-1980s, their fortunes changed. By <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986" title="1986"><span style="color: windowtext;">1986</span></a> they had become large enough to float a successful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPO" title="IPO"><span style="color: windowtext;">IPO</span></a>, and changed the company name to <b>Informix Software</b>. The products included INFORMIX-SQL version 2.00 and INFORMIX-4GL 1.00, both of which included the database engine as well as development tools (I4GL for programmers, ISQL for non-programmers).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">A series of releases followed, including a new query engine, initially known as INFORMIX-Turbo. Turbo used the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RSAM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RSAM (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">RSAM</span></a>, with great multi-user performance benefits over C-ISAM. With the release of the version 4.00 products in 1989, Turbo was renamed <i>INFORMIX-OnLine</i> (in part because it permitted coherent database backups while the server was online and users were modifying the data), and the original server based on C-ISAM was separated from the tools (ISQL and I4GL) and named <i>INFORMIX-SE</i> (Standard Engine). Version 5.00 of Informix OnLine was released at the very end of 1990, and included full distributed transaction support with two-phase commit and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure"><span style="color: windowtext;">stored procedures</span></a>. Version 5.01 was released with support for triggers too.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="1988:_Innovative_Software_acquisition"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">1988: Innovative Software acquisition</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988" title="1988"><span style="color: windowtext;">1988</span></a>, Informix purchased <b>Innovative Software</b>, makers of a DOS and Unix-based office system called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SmartWare&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SmartWare (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">SmartWare</span></a> and <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix_Wingz" title="Informix Wingz"><span style="color: windowtext;">WingZ</span></a></b>, an innovative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet"><span style="color: windowtext;">spreadsheet</span></a> program for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" title="Apple Macintosh"><span style="color: windowtext;">Apple Macintosh</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix_Wingz" title="Informix Wingz"><span style="color: windowtext;">WingZ</span></a> provided a highly graphical user interface, supported very large spreadsheets, and offered programming in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard"><span style="color: windowtext;">HyperCard</span></a>-like language known as HyperScript. The original release proved very successful, becoming the #2 spreadsheet, behind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel"><span style="color: windowtext;">Microsoft Excel</span></a>, although many WingZ users found it to be a superior product. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990" title="1990"><span style="color: windowtext;">1990</span></a>, WingZ ports started appearing for a number of other platforms, mostly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix"><span style="color: windowtext;">Unix</span></a> variants. During this period, many financial institutions began investing in Unix workstations as a route to increasing the desktop "grunt" required to run large financial models. For a brief period, Wingz was successfully marketed into this niche. However it suffered from a lack of development and marketing resources, possibly due to a general misunderstanding of the non-server software market. By the early 1990s WingZ had become uncompetitive, and Informix eventually sold it in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995"><span style="color: windowtext;">1995</span></a>. Informix also sold a license to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claris" title="Claris"><span style="color: windowtext;">Claris</span></a>, who combined it with a rather updated GUI as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claris_Resolve" title="Claris Resolve"><span style="color: windowtext;">Claris Resolve</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="1994:_Dynamic_Scalable_Architecture"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">1994: Dynamic Scalable Architecture</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">With its failure in office automation products, Informix refocused on the growing database server market. In 1994, as part of a collaboration with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequent_Computer_Systems" title="Sequent Computer Systems"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sequent Computer Systems</span></a>, Informix released its version 6.00 database server, which featured its new Dynamic Scalable Architecture, DSA.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">DSA involved a major rework of the core engine of the product, supporting both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horizontal_parallelism&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Horizontal parallelism (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">horizontal parallelism</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_parallelism&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Vertical parallelism (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">vertical parallelism</span></a>, and based on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_%28computer_science%29" title="Thread (computer science)"><span style="color: windowtext;">multi-threaded</span></a> core well suited towards the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing"><span style="color: windowtext;">symmetric multiprocessing</span></a> systems that Sequent pioneered and that major vendors like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sun Microsystems</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard"><span style="color: windowtext;">Hewlett-Packard</span></a> would eventually follow up on. The two forms of parallelism made the product capable of market-leading levels of scalability, both for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLTP" title="OLTP"><span style="color: windowtext;">OLTP</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehousing" title="Data warehousing"><span style="color: windowtext;">data warehousing</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Now known as <b>Informix Dynamic Server</b> (after briefly entertaining the name <i>Obsidian</i> and then being named Informix OnLine Dynamic Server), Version 7 hit the market in 1994, just when SMP systems were becoming popular and Unix in general had started to become the server operating system of choice. Version 7 was essentially a generation ahead of the competition, and consistently won performance benchmarks. As a result of its success Informix vaulted to the #2 position in the database world by 1997, pushing Sybase out of that spot with surprising ease.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Building on the success of Version 7, Informix split its core database development investment into two efforts. One effort, first known as <i>XMP</i> (for <i>eXtended Multi-Processing</i>), became the Version 8 product line, also known as <i>XPS</i> (for <i>eXtended Parallel Server</i>). This effort focused on enhancements in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehousing" title="Data warehousing"><span style="color: windowtext;">data warehousing</span></a> and parallelism in high-end platforms, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared-nothing" title="Shared-nothing"><span style="color: windowtext;">shared-nothing</span></a> platforms such as IBM's RS-6000/SP.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="1995:_Illustra_acquisition"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">1995: Illustra acquisition</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">The second focus, which followed the late <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995"><span style="color: windowtext;">1995</span></a> purchase of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustra" title="Illustra"><span style="color: windowtext;">Illustra</span></a>, concentrated on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_database" title="Object-relational database"><span style="color: windowtext;">object-relational database</span></a> (O-R) technology. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustra" title="Illustra"><span style="color: windowtext;">Illustra</span></a>, written by ex-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL"><span style="color: windowtext;">Postgres</span></a> team members and led by database pioneer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker"><span style="color: windowtext;">Michael Stonebraker</span></a>, included various features that allowed it to return fully-formed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_oriented" title="Object oriented"><span style="color: windowtext;">objects</span></a> directly from the database, a feature that can significantly reduce programming time in many projects. Illustra also included a feature known as <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DataBlades&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DataBlades (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">DataBlades</span></a></b> that allowed new data types and features to be included in the basic server as options. These included solutions to a number of thorny SQL problems, namely time series, spatial and multimedia data. Informix integrated Illustra's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping" title="Object-relational mapping"><span style="color: windowtext;">O-R mapping</span></a> and DataBlades into the 7.x OnLine product, resulting in <b>Informix Universal Server</b> (IUS), or more generally, Version 9.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Both new versions, V8 (XPS) and V9 (IUS), appeared on the market in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996" title="1996"><span style="color: windowtext;">1996</span></a>, making Informix the first of the "big three" database companies (the others being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation"><span style="color: windowtext;">Oracle</span></a> and Sybase) to offer built-in O-R support. Commentators paid particular attention to the DataBlades, which soon became very popular: dozens appeared within a year, ported to the new architecture after partnerships with Illustra. This left other vendors scrambling, with Oracle introducing a "grafted on" package for time-series support in 1997, and Sybase turning to a third party for an external package which remains an unconvincing solution.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="1996_and_1997:_Internal_Problems"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">1996 and 1997: Internal Problems</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Although Informix took a technological lead in the database software market, product releases began to fall behind schedule by late 1996. Plagued with technical and marketing problems, a new application development product, Informix-NewEra, was soon overshadowed by the emerging <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Java</span></a> programming language. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker"><span style="color: windowtext;">Michael Stonebraker</span></a> had promised that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustra" title="Illustra"><span style="color: windowtext;">Illustra</span></a> technology would be integrated within a year after the late 1995 acquisition, but as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner_Group" title="Gartner Group"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gartner Group</span></a> had predicted, the integration required more than 2 years. Unhappy with the new direction of the company, XPS lead architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Kelley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gary Kelley (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gary Kelley</span></a> suddenly resigned and joined arch-rival <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation"><span style="color: windowtext;">Oracle Corporation</span></a> in early 1997, taking 11 of his developers with him. <sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix#cite_note-0" title=""><span style="color: windowtext;">[1]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix" title="Informix"><span style="color: windowtext;">Informix</span></a> ultimately sued Oracle to prevent loss of trade secrets.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="1997:_Misgovernance"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">1997: Misgovernance</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Failures in marketing and an unfortunate leadership in corporate misgovernance overshadowed Informix's technical successes. On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1" title="April 1"><span style="color: windowtext;">April 1</span></a>, 1997, Informix announced that first quarter revenues fell short of expectations by $100 million. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" title="CEO"><span style="color: windowtext;">CEO</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phillip_White&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phillip White (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Phillip White</span></a> blamed the shortfall on a loss of focus on the core database business while devoting too many resources to object-relational technology. <sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix#cite_note-1" title=""><span style="color: windowtext;">[2]</span></a></sup> Huge operating losses and job cuts followed. Informix re-stated earnings from 1994 through 1996. A significant amount of revenue from the mid-1990's involved software license sales to partners who did not sell through to an end-user customer; this and other irregularies led to overstating revenue by over $200 million. Even after White's departure in July, 1997, the company continued to struggle with accounting practices, re-stating earnings again in early 1998. <sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix#cite_note-2" title=""><span style="color: windowtext;">[3]</span></a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4><a name="Repercussions_from_misgovernance"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Repercussions from misgovernance</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Although allegations of misgovernance continued to haunt Informix, the capabilities of Informix Dynamic Server (IDS) began to strengthen. New leadership began to emerge as well. An excerpt from the September 22, 1998 issue of PC Magazine's article on the top 100 companies that are changing the way you compute:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">...Informix is battling rival Oracle in the object/relational arena by extending its flagship Informix Dynamic Server with a Universal Data Option. After a turbulent year that included a problematic audit, Robert Finnocchio was appointed as the new CEO of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Menlo Park</st1:City></st1:place>, Calfiornia company. With 1997 revenues of $662.3 million, Informix has begun to strengthen its position in the database market.</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In November <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002"><span style="color: windowtext;">2002</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phillip_White&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Phillip White (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Phillip White</span></a>, the former CEO of Informix ousted in 1997, was indicted by a federal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury"><span style="color: windowtext;">grand jury</span></a> and charged with eight counts of securities, wire, and mail fraud. In a plea bargain thirteen months later, he pleaded guilty to a single count of filing a false registration statement with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"><span style="color: windowtext;">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In May <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"><span style="color: windowtext;">2004</span></a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice"><span style="color: windowtext;">Department of Justice</span></a> announced White was sentenced to two months in federal prison for securities fraud, a fine of $10,000, along with a two-year period of supervised release and 300 hours of community service. The announcement noted that the amount of loss to shareholders from the violation, could not reasonably be estimated under the facts of the case <a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/can/press/html/2004_05_white.html" title="http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/can/press/html/2004_05_white.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">[1]</span></a>. White's earlier plea agreement had limited prison time to no more than 12 months.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">German citizen and resident Walter Königseder, the company's Vice-President in charge of European operations, was also indicted by a federal grand jury but the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> has been unable to secure his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition"><span style="color: windowtext;">extradition</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In November of 2005, a book detailing the rise and fall of Informix Software and CEO Phil White was published. Written by a long time Informix Employee, <i>The Real Story of Informix Software and Phil White: Lessons in Business and Leadership for the Executive team</i> <a href="http://www.storyofinformix.com/" title="http://www.storyofinformix.com"><span style="color: windowtext;">[2]</span></a>. provides an insider's account of the company showing a detailed chronology of the company's initial success, ultimate failure, and how CEO Phil White ended up in jail.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="2001:_Other_acquisitions"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2001: Other acquisitions</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Starting in the year <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000"><span style="color: windowtext;">2000</span></a>, the major events in Informix's history no longer centered on its technical innovations. That year, in March, Informix acquired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardent_Software&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ardent Software (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Ardent Software</span></a>, a company that had a history of mergers and acquisitions of its own. That acquisition added multi-dimensional engines <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniVerse" title="UniVerse"><span style="color: windowtext;">UniVerse</span></a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniData" title="UniData"><span style="color: windowtext;">UniData</span></a></i> (known collectively as <i>U2</i>) to its already-numerous list of database engines at the time, which included not only the Informix heritage products, but a datawarehouse-oriented SQL engine from <i>Red Brick</i> and the 100% Java version of SQL, <i>Cloudscape</i> (which was later bundled with the reference implementation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_2_Platform%2C_Enterprise_Edition" title="Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition"><span style="color: windowtext;">J2EE</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Prior to its purchase, Informix's product lineup included:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Informix_C-ISAM" title="IBM Informix C-ISAM"><span style="color: windowtext;">Informix C-ISAM</span></a> - the latest version of the original <st1:place st="on">Marathon</st1:place> database<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Informix SE - offered as a low-end system for embedding into applications<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Informix OnLine - a competent system for managing medium size databases<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Informix Extended Parallel Server (XPS, V8) - a high-end version of the V7 code base for use on huge distributed machines<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Informix_Universal_Server&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Informix Universal Server (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Informix Universal Server</span></a> (V9) - a combination of the V7 OnLine engine with the O-R mapping and DataBlade support from Illustra<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix-4GL" title="Informix-4GL"><span style="color: windowtext;">Informix-4GL</span></a> - A fourth generation language for application programming<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Red Brick Warehouse - a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse"><span style="color: windowtext;">data warehouse</span></a> product<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cloudscape - an RDBMS written entirely in Java that fits into mobile devices on the low-end and J2EE-based architectures on the high end. In 2004 Cloudscape was released by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM"><span style="color: windowtext;">IBM</span></a> as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source"><span style="color: windowtext;">Open Source</span></a> database to be managed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Apache Software Foundation"><span style="color: windowtext;">Apache Software Foundation</span></a> under the name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Derby" title="Apache Derby"><span style="color: windowtext;">Derby</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;">U2 suite, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniVerse" title="UniVerse"><span style="color: windowtext;">UniVerse</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniData" title="UniData"><span style="color: windowtext;">UniData</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_database" title="Multidimensional database"><span style="color: windowtext;">multidimensional databases</span></a> that offer networks, hierarchies, arrays and other data formats difficult to model in SQL<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <h3><a name="IBM.27s_takeover_of_Informix"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span><span class="mw-headline">IBM's takeover of Informix</span><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In July 2000, the former CEO of Ardent, Peter Gyenes, became the CEO of Informix, and soon re-organized Informix to make it more attractive as an acquisition target. The major step taken was to separate out all of the database engine technologies from the applications and tools.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;">In April <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001"><span style="color: windowtext;">2001</span></a>, IBM took advantage of this reorganization and, prompted by a suggestion from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart" title="Wal-Mart"><span style="color: windowtext;">Wal-Mart</span></a> (Informix's largest customer),<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix#cite_note-3" title=""><span style="color: windowtext;">[4]</span></a></sup> bought from Informix the database technology, the brand, the plans for future development (an internal project codenamed "Arrowhead"), and the over 100,000-customer base associated with these.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informix#cite_note-4" title=""><span style="color: windowtext;">[5]</span></a></sup> The remaining application and tools company renamed itself <b>Ascential Software</b>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2005" title="May 2005"><span style="color: windowtext;">May 2005</span></a>, IBM bought Ascential, reuniting Informix's assets under IBM's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software"><span style="color: windowtext;">Information Management Software</span></a> portfolio.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><o:p> </o:p></p> <p><o:p> </o:p></p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">ORACLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (RDBMS) officially called <b>Oracle Database</b> (and commonly referred to as <b>Oracle RDBMS</b> or simply as <b>Oracle</b>) has become a major presence in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> produces and markets this software.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a> and his friends and former co-workers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Miner" title="Bob Miner">Bob Miner</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Oates" title="Ed Oates">Ed Oates</a> started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name <i>Oracle</i> comes from the code-name of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>.</p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Physical and logical structuring in Oracle</span></h2> <p>An Oracle database system comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance comprises a set of operating-system <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29" title="Process (computing)">processes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29" title="Memory (computers)">memory</a>-structures that interact with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage">storage</a>. Typical processes include PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).</p> <p>Users of Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global Area). The SGA typically holds <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache" title="Cache">cache</a> information such as data-buffers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> commands and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (which hold <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transactional</a> history). Processes can in turn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archive</a> the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">data recovery</a> and for some forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_replication" title="Data replication">data replication</a>.</p> <p>The Oracle RDBMS stores data <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_and_logical_storage" title="Physical and logical storage">logically</a> in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablespace" title="Tablespace">tablespaces</a> and physically in the form of data <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>. Tablespaces can contain various types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segment" title="Memory segment">memory segments</a>; for example, Data Segments, Index Segments etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more extents. Extents comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage. At the physical level, data-files comprise one or more data blocks, where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_size_%28data_storage_and_transmission%29" title="Block size (data storage and transmission)">block size</a> can vary between data-files.</p> <p>Oracle database management track its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a> with the help of information stored in the <code><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SYSTEM</span></code> tablespace. The <code><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SYSTEM</span></code> tablespace contains the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">data dictionary</a> — and often (by default) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_%28database%29" title="Index (database)">indexes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster" title="Cluster">clusters</a>. (A data dictionary consists of a special collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28database%29" title="Table (database)">tables</a> that contains information about all user-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28computer_science%29" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> in the database). Since version 8i, the Oracle RDBMS also supports "locally managed" tablespaces which can store space management information in bitmaps in their own <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header" title="Header">headers</a> rather than in the <code><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SYSTEM</span></code> tablespace (as happens with the default "dictionary-managed" tablespaces).</p> <p>If the Oracle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">database administrator</a> has instituted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_RAC" title="Oracle RAC">Oracle RAC</a> (Real Application Clusters), then multiple instances, usually on different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, attach to a central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">storage array</a>. This scenario offers numerous advantages, most importantly performance, scalability and redundancy. However, support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10g, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> has introduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> resources from another node (computer) in the grid.</p> <p>The Oracle DBMS can store and execute <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedures</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28programming%29" title="Function (programming)">functions</a> within itself. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a> (Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>), or the object-oriented language <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.</p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="External_Links"></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p> </p><h1><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12;" >II-Oracle Database<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" title="Relational database management system"><span style="color:#000000;">relational database management system</span></a> (RDBMS) officially called <span style="">Oracle Database</span> (and commonly referred to as <span style="">Oracle RDBMS</span> or simply as <span style="">Oracle</span>) has become a major presence in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database"><span style="color:#000000;">database</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing"><span style="color:#000000;">computing</span></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation"><span style="color:#000000;">Oracle Corporation</span></a> produces and markets this software.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison"><span style="color:#000000;">Larry Ellison</span></a> and his friends and former co-workers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Miner" title="Bob Miner"><span style="color:#000000;">Bob Miner</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Oates" title="Ed Oates"><span style="color:#000000;">Ed Oates</span></a> started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name <i>Oracle</i> comes from the code-name of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency"><span style="color:#000000;">CIA</span></a>-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex"><span style="color:#000000;">Ampex</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">An Oracle database system comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance comprises a set of operating-system <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29" title="Process (computing)"><span style="color:#000000;">processes</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29" title="Memory (computers)"><span style="color:#000000;">memory</span></a>-structures that interact with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage"><span style="color:#000000;">storage</span></a>. Typical processes include PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">Users of Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global Area). The SGA typically holds <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache" title="Cache"><span style="color:#000000;">cache</span></a> information such as data-buffers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL"><span style="color:#000000;">SQL</span></a> commands and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (which hold <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction"><span style="color:#000000;">transactional</span></a> history). Processes can in turn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive" title="Archive"><span style="color:#000000;">archive</span></a> the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery"><span style="color:#000000;">data recovery</span></a> and for some forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_replication" title="Data replication"><span style="color:#000000;">data replication</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">The Oracle RDBMS stores data <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_and_logical_storage" title="Physical and logical storage"><span style="color:#000000;">logically</span></a> in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablespace" title="Tablespace"><span style="color:#000000;">tablespaces</span></a> and physically in the form of data <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file"><span style="color:#000000;">files</span></a>. Tablespaces can contain various types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_segment" title="Memory segment"><span style="color:#000000;">memory segments</span></a>; for example, Data Segments, Index Segments etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more extents. Extents comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage. At the physical level, data-files comprise one or more data blocks, where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_size_%28data_storage_and_transmission%29" title="Block size (data storage and transmission)"><span style="color:#000000;">block size</span></a> can vary between data-files.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">Oracle database management track its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"><span style="color:#000000;">computer data storage</span></a> with the help of information stored in the <code><span style="font-family:Arial;">SYSTEM</span></code> tablespace. The <code><span style="font-family:Arial;">SYSTEM</span></code> tablespace contains the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary"><span style="color:#000000;">data dictionary</span></a> — and often (by default) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_%28database%29" title="Index (database)"><span style="color:#000000;">indexes</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster" title="Cluster"><span style="color:#000000;">clusters</span></a>. (A data dictionary consists of a special collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28database%29" title="Table (database)"><span style="color:#000000;">tables</span></a> that contains information about all user-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28computer_science%29" title="Object (computer science)"><span style="color:#000000;">objects</span></a> in the database). Since version 8i, the Oracle RDBMS also supports "locally managed" tablespaces which can store space management information in bitmaps in their own <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header" title="Header"><span style="color:#000000;">headers</span></a> rather than in the <code><span style="font-family:Arial;">SYSTEM</span></code> tablespace (as happens with the default "dictionary-managed" tablespaces).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">If the Oracle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_administrator" title="Database administrator"><span style="color:#000000;">database administrator</span></a> has instituted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_RAC" title="Oracle RAC"><span style="color:#000000;">Oracle RAC</span></a> (Real Application Clusters), then multiple instances, usually on different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29" title="Server (computing)"><span style="color:#000000;">servers</span></a>, attach to a central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array"><span style="color:#000000;">storage array</span></a>. This scenario offers numerous advantages, most importantly performance, scalability and redundancy. However, support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10g, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing"><span style="color:#000000;">grid computing</span></a> has introduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit"><span style="color:#000000;">CPU</span></a> resources from another node (computer) in the grid.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">The Oracle DBMS can store and execute <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure"><span style="color:#000000;">stored procedures</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_%28programming%29" title="Function (programming)"><span style="color:#000000;">functions</span></a> within itself. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL"><span style="color:#000000;">PL/SQL</span></a> (Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL"><span style="color:#000000;">SQL</span></a>), or the object-oriented language <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)"><span style="color:#000000;">Java</span></a> can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">III- </span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;">A DBMS is a complex <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set" title="Set"><span style="color:#000000;">set</span></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_program" title="Software program"><span style="color:#000000;">software programs</span></a> that controls the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization" title="Organization"><span style="color:#000000;">organization</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage"><span style="color:#000000;">storage</span></a>, management, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval"><span style="color:#000000;">retrieval</span></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data"><span style="color:#000000;">data</span></a> in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database"><span style="color:#000000;">database</span></a>. DBMS are categorized according to their data structures or types, some time DBMS is also known as Data base Manager. It is a set of prewritten programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a Database. A DBMS includes:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling"><span style="color:#000000;">modeling</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language"><span style="color:#000000;">language</span></a> to define the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_schema" title="Logical schema"><span style="color:#000000;">schema</span></a> of each <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database"><span style="color:#000000;">database</span></a> hosted in the DBMS, according to the DBMS <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model"><span style="color:#000000;">data model</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">The four most common types of organizations are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_model" title="Hierarchical model"><span style="color:#000000;">hierarchical</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_model" title="Network model"><span style="color:#000000;">network</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model"><span style="color:#000000;">relational</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model"><span style="color:#000000;">object</span></a> models. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or more of the four models. The optimal structure depends on the natural organization of the application's data, and on the application's requirements (which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost).<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">The dominant model in use today is the ad hoc one embedded in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL"><span style="color:#000000;">SQL</span></a>, despite the objections of purists who believe this model is a corruption of the relational model, since it violates several of its fundamental principles for the sake of practicality and performance. Many DBMSs also support the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity" title="Open Database Connectivity"><span style="color:#000000;">Open Database Connectivity</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface"><span style="color:#000000;">API</span></a> that supports a standard way for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer"><span style="color:#000000;">programmers</span></a> to access the DBMS.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure"><span style="color:#000000;">Data structures</span></a> (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_permanence" title="Digital permanence"><span style="color:#000000;">permanent</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_device" title="Data storage device"><span style="color:#000000;">data storage device</span></a> (which implies relatively slow access <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage"><span style="color:#000000;">compared</span></a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage" title="Primary storage"><span style="color:#000000;">volatile main memory</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_query_language" title="Database query language"><span style="color:#000000;">database query language</span></a> and report writer to allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_%28Computing%29" title="Privilege (Computing)"><span style="color:#000000;">users privileges</span></a> on data. <o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">It also controls the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" title="Security"><span style="color:#000000;">security</span></a> of the database.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security"><span style="color:#000000;">Data security</span></a> prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called <i>subschemas</i>. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction"><span style="color:#000000;">transaction</span></a> mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID" title="ACID"><span style="color:#000000;">ACID</span></a> properties, in order to ensure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity"><span style="color:#000000;">data integrity</span></a>, despite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_%28computer_science%29" title="Concurrency (computer science)"><span style="color:#000000;">concurrent user accesses</span></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control"><span style="color:#000000;">concurrency control</span></a>), and faults (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance"><span style="color:#000000;">fault tolerance</span></a>). <o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">It also maintains the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity"><span style="color:#000000;">integrity</span></a> of the data in the database.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can help prevent duplicate records via unique index constraints; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID" title="ACID"><span style="color:#000000;">ACID</span></a> properties for more information (Redundancy avoidance).<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></ol> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system"><span style="color:#000000;">operating system</span></a> to transfer the appropriate data.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system"><span style="color:#000000;">operating system</span></a> to transfer the appropriate data.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">When a DBMS is used, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system"><span style="color:#000000;">information systems</span></a> can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_server" title="Database server"><span style="color:#000000;">Database servers</span></a> are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor" title="Multiprocessor"><span style="color:#000000;">multiprocessor</span></a> computers, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundant_array_of_independent_disks" title="Redundant array of independent disks"><span style="color:#000000;">RAID</span></a> disk arrays used for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_accelerator&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Database accelerator (page does not exist)"><span style="color:#000000;">database accelerators</span></a> are also used in large volume transaction processing environments.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;">DBMSs are found at the heart of most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_application" title="Database application"><span style="color:#000000;">database applications</span></a>. Sometimes DBMSs are built around a private <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking"><span style="color:#000000;">multitasking</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computers%29" title="Kernel (computers)"><span style="color:#000000;">kernel</span></a> with built-in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network"><span style="color:#000000;">networking</span></a> support although nowadays these functions are left to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system"><span style="color:#000000;">operating system</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="External_Links"></a><span style="font-weight: normal;font-family:Arial;font-size:12;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-73226307885741683772008-06-26T08:18:00.000-07:002008-06-26T08:23:23.548-07:00about me [ for sir.]<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4VNiWqxzu48GirznCsAgayLrkFJTbDdWBOzUKrdJL2cYWErvYDMwwxquUR6emrMKZLOlKEpQnzY5xuxQnA3vrcd45g5LWkZYUUhjO1hj9NmuHSKz8tsuwummv_vRculGIyH3r7D5aFE/s1600-h/1_360346813l.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4VNiWqxzu48GirznCsAgayLrkFJTbDdWBOzUKrdJL2cYWErvYDMwwxquUR6emrMKZLOlKEpQnzY5xuxQnA3vrcd45g5LWkZYUUhjO1hj9NmuHSKz8tsuwummv_vRculGIyH3r7D5aFE/s320/1_360346813l.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5216210711812830834" border="0" /></a><br />lester van clifford r. ebol<br />bscs III<br />database management system<br />mwf 8-9 am.lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-73164427953540003612008-06-26T08:01:00.000-07:002008-06-26T08:18:03.998-07:00csc as i see it 002<span style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">data-</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">refer to a collection of natural phenomena descriptors including the results of </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> or </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, or a set of </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">premises</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. This may consist of </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, or </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, particularly as </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> or observations of a set of </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable" title="Variable">variables</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">.<br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">data structure- </span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, a <b>data structure</b> is a way of storing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">efficient</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> to be used. The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">abstract</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a>. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data structures are implemented by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming">programming</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">language</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_%28computer_science%29" title="Reference (computer science)">references</a> and operations they provide.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">database-</span></span>is a </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structured</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> collection of records or </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. A </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> database relies upon </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Software">software</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> to organize the storage of data. The software models the database structure in what are known as </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Database model">database models</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. The model in most common use today is the </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. Other models such as the </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_model" title="Hierarchical model">hierarchical model</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> and the </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_model" title="Network model">network model</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> use a more explicit representation of relationships (see below for explanation of the various database models).<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">database management system-<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" > </span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" >Database management systems (DBMS) are the software used to organize and maintain the database. These are categorized according to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Database model">database model</a> that they support. The model tends to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardware_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardware failure (page does not exist)">hardware failures</a>. In these areas there are large differences between products.<br /><br /><br />* data is the information or facts that you're inputting, like in your computer. The process of storing your data is called data structure so that in retrieving it, you can easily find it. it also a step-by-step way of inputting your facts. While a database is the structured of records of your information. in computer, you need a software in order to have an organize storage of data.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /></span>lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3583376650566255546.post-74866982403304754132008-06-22T04:25:00.000-07:002008-06-22T04:51:39.253-07:00CSC As i SeE it 001<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiVgcnKjEsPvCS8sonzdsU89RhZAnYL_Ex5RswShx2bIQ0NHlk0RkDmkVE9P6eIr4zru6fX7GV0_aLF04-DgGOeIGj4Wa6bbG5RowSCQO4WCA2sPSVgtPbaTFmx2ItO8vg9ev2c7QKDQ/s1600-h/lezh.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiVgcnKjEsPvCS8sonzdsU89RhZAnYL_Ex5RswShx2bIQ0NHlk0RkDmkVE9P6eIr4zru6fX7GV0_aLF04-DgGOeIGj4Wa6bbG5RowSCQO4WCA2sPSVgtPbaTFmx2ItO8vg9ev2c7QKDQ/s320/lezh.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5214672006555394530" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:courier new;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Basic Hardware COmponents.</span><br /><br /><br />1.) CPU(processor)-</span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A </span><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Central Processing Unit</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (</span><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">CPU</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">), or sometimes just called </span><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">processor</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, is a description of a class of logic machines that can execute </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. The term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="reference" id="ref_weik1961a"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit#endnote_weik1961a" title="">(Weik 1961)</a></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:courier new;">2.)main memory-</span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">presently known as </span><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">memory</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:courier new;">3.)secondary memory-</span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">or </span><i style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">storage</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> in popular usage, differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> channels to access secondary storage and transfers desired data using </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_%28computer_science%29" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (computer science)">intermediate area</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:courier new;">4.)peripherals-</span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> is a piece of </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> that is added to a host </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, i.e any hardware except the computer, in order to expand its abilities. More specifically, the term is used to describe those devices that are optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either demanded or always required in principle.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:courier new;">5.)electronic connection-<br /> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">System- </span></span></span></span>s a set of interacting or interdependent </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entities" class="mw-redirect" title="Entities">entities</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an 'integrated whole' can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.<br /><br />Operating System Platforms<br /><br />*IBM<br />*microsoft<br />*red hat<br />*sun microsystem<br />*microsoft windows<br />*linux<br />*mac<br />*IBB<br />*orache<br />*terra-data<br /><br />Management-</span><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Management</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing" title="Organizing">organizing</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, resourcing, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leading</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> or directing, and </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlling">controlling</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> an </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial">financial</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> resources, </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological">technological</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> resources, and </span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">.</span>lezhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10741950562893937387noreply@blogger.com0